The United States Should Lower the Legal Drinking Age to...

The United States’ minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of twenty one is almost a perfect example of a policy with unrealistic expectations and serious unintended consequences. The current policy that the United States has in effect criminalizes youth who consume alcohol at less than twenty one years of age. Young adults are going to drink under twenty one, so why shouldn’t the United States lower the MLDA to eighteen? Following Prohibition in 1933, many states made their MLDA twenty one. During the 1960’s and 1970’s, many states lowered it to eighteen to match the drafting age (Alcohol Policy MD). President Reagan passed The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 which required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public†¦show more content†¦Others claim that the younger the MLDA is, the more likely young adults will irresponsibly drink by drinking and driving or binge drinking, which is for men having five or more alcoholic drinks in a row, and for women, it is four (Dying to Drink xiii). A person cannot possibily sway towards MLDA twenty one or MLDA eighteen without reason I can only stress that the current MLDA of twenty one should be lowered to eighteen years of age. First and foremost, the United States’ legal age of adulthood is eighteen. A young adult of eighteen may do many other activities, but cannot consume alcohol. Second, the subject of the â€Å"Forbidden Fruit† comes into light over the subject. Lowering the current MLDA twenty one to eighteen would diminish the thrill of breaking the law to obtain or consume alcohol. Additionally, lowering MLDA twenty one to eighteen would reduce the number of underage people hurt from alcohol related injuries or accidents due to the fear of legal consequences if they sought medical attention. Finally, law enforcement is scarce when the subject of underage drinking comes to play. The United States’ legal age of adulthood is eighteen. A person may smoke cigarettes, vote in elections, get married, play the lottery, and join the military. If a person can make those decisions at eighteen, why not decisions on their own alcohol consumption?Show MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States of America, the National Government requires the states to enforce a legal drinking age of twenty-one. Where as the world average drinking age is eighteen, and in some Countries it is even lower where it is possible to get a beer at sixteen years of age. Taking that into consideration, there is a great deal of controversy in the United States on what the legal age should be to purchase and consume an alcoholic beverage. The largest issue being that you are considered to be anRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Abolished1634 Words   |  7 Pagesin the United States all stem from one major root: the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. The Prohibition Era lasted almost thirteen years and banned the production, the distribution, and the sale of alcohol. In 1933, the Prohibition Act was repealed and states designated their own legal drinking age. In 1984 the National Minimum Drinking Age act was passed and raised the drinking age in the United States to twenty-one. This law caused uproar in states that had declared the minimum drinking age to be eighteenRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurredRead MorePersuasive Essay On Underage Drinking1291 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage drinking is one of the largest problems that we have in the United States. This is a problem because alcohol is an item that nobody under twenty-one years of age is allowed to purchase or consume. People who are underage are punished by law when they consume or attempt to purchase alcohol illegally. This makes people under twenty-one want alcohol even more. In other countries where the drinking age is lower, there are less problems because it gives parents the pus h to teach their childrenRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States, the legal drinking age is twenty-one. In all fifty states, however, there are exceptions for underaged drinking at home, under adult supervision, or for medical purposes (â€Å"Drinking Age†). Overall, the legal opportunities for any person under twenty-one to legally drink alcohol are very scarce. There are many different points, made by people from both sides of the issue about whether or not to lower the drinking age to eighteen, or leave it where it currently stands at twenty-oneRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age From Twenty857 Words   |  4 PagesAt eighteen years of age a teenager becomes an adult. They can choose to move out of their parents home, vote, marry, joining the military and buy tobacco and lottery tickets, but it isn’t illegal to purchase alcohol. However, in twenty-nine states it is legal to consume alcohol at eighteen, b ut not to purchase alcohol. Becoming an adult has many responsibilities; therefore, citizens should be able to drink at eighteen. The United States should lower the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen becauseRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead More Lowering the Legal Minimum Drinking Age Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pagesunderage drinking has become a major problem, especially on college campuses. But, underage drinking is not pur ely the root of all accidents related to alcohol. The real problem lies within the unsafe underage drinking habits amongst youth. There are ways that these alcohol-related accidents can be avoided. Several organizations have been created that are targeting a change in the legal drinking age laws. One key way to lower the risk of unsafe drinking is to lower the minimum legal drinking age fromRead MoreThe Influence Of Little Timmy On Children Essay1443 Words   |  6 Pagesand had his whole life ahead of him. As the celebrations for his eighteenth birthday had died down, he wished his parents good night and returned to his bedroom in his parents’ lovely, two-story home. Timmy could hardly believe that he was already a legal adult, free to do whatever he wanted, within his parent’s limit of course. Being an adult meant that he could do whatever he wanted Timmy thought as he put the finishing touches on his history report due the next day. Being an adult also meant thatRe ad MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There are many arguments in favor of changing the drinking age back to

The Article Epiphenomenal And Supervenient Causation

In the article Epiphenomenal and Supervenient Causation, Jaegwon Kim provides a positive account for mental causation. He argues three main claims: that macro causation should be viewed as epiphenomenal causation, that macro causation as epiphenomenal causation should be explained as â€Å"supervenient causation†, and that psychological causation involving psychological events is plausibly assimilated to macro causation. (pg. 259). His claims attempt to resolve the puzzle of how psychological causal relations belong within a physically closed causal system. The Physically Closed Causal System Theory maintains that all causes are physical. If psychological causes are distinct from physical causes, then they cannot cause any effects in this world. Kim’s first two claims support his third. And, the third offers a possible solution. Before I explain Kim’s conclusion I will provide a rough account of Kim’s version of epiphenomenal causation. Kim’s first claim’s main point is macro causations are epiphenomenal causations. The concept of epiphenomenal is described as a secondary phenomenon, secondary symptom, or something that happens in addition to the primary phenomena. An epiphenomenon can be an effect of primary phenomena, but cannot cause primary phenomena (physical phenomena). The explanation of epiphenomenal causation provided by Kim begins with an analogy from Jonathan Edwards. The analogy makes the point that successive images reflected off the mirror are not directly

Genetic Engineering In Food Production Essay Example For Students

Genetic Engineering In Food Production Essay Genetic Engineering in Food Production: Is it Safe, Wise, and Moral?Over the past couple of decades much debate has been going on about the use of advanced technology in the field of biology. Ever since the first gene was cloned in 1973, genetic engineers have been pursuing at break-neck speed the unlimited possibilities promised by biotechnology (Davidson 1993). Their excitement, which has generated billions of investment dollars for the industry, is understandable. Bioengineering allows scientists to identify specific gene sequences responsible for particular characteristics and then to transfer the genes and the specific trait into entirely different species. One of the more current and controversial issue in the field of biotechnology is the use of bioengineering in food production. Scientists are experimenting with many different plants, but the genetic engineering of the tomato, dubbed Flavr Savr has been the most highly publicized project by far. The new tomato is supposed to boast more flavor and be tastier due to its longer staying time on the vine, thereby giving it more time to accumulate sweetness; yet, it will not rot or spoil because of its new genetic makeup. (Davidson 1993). With this advanced technology scientists argue that it could offer the greatest hope in the aid to stop hunger in Third World countries. This new technology could be used to make bulk levels of food production more efficient and less costly. However, despite all of its advantages in creating better crops, many people are very skeptical about its safetiness and possible long-term health effects. Moreover, the social issue lies deep in the realm of ethical and moral concerns. Do people really want to eat meat that is leaner and tastier but contains genes from humans? Or, would individuals (like vegetarians) be able to eat certain vegetables that may contain genes from animals? Personally, I would not support the use of genetic engineering in food production based on moral and ethical reasons: I do not think that scientists should be able to use their knowledge and social prestige in society to be able to play the role of God in creating new or better living things even if their justification is for the purpose of serving mankind. Although we still have much to learn about genes, recently developed techniques have already given rise to a new technology of molecular genetics. Genetic engineering, also known as gene splicing/manipulation and recombinant DNA technology is a set of techniques for reconstructing, or deliberately manipulating, the genetic material of an organism. Operating at the molecular level, this process involves the addition, deletion, or reorganization of pieces of an organisms DNA (known as genes) in order to alter that organisms protein production (Arms et al. 1994). The use and applications of genetic engineering range from medical and pharmaceutical to industrial crops and food products. Its applications, today or in the future, includecreating improved strains of crops and farm animals (Arms et al. 1994). All of these applications rely on the ability to transplant genes into a cells makeup, or genome. The new gene may come from another organism, of the same species, or it may contain DNA produced in the laboratory. One example, the new Flavr Savr tomato, developed by Calgene, a biotechnology company based in Davis, California, was subjected to years of scrutiny before the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) agreed that it was safe to eat. They found, copied, and rebuilt a gene that lets these tomatoes stay on the vine without softening and spoiling. That means that the fruit can develop more of the sugars and acids that make a home-grown tomato taste so sweet and rich. Conventional tomatoes sold in the stores are often hard and flavorless because they are picked while green and firm enough to transport, then ripened by spraying with ethylene (Wood 1995). .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .postImageUrl , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:hover , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:visited , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:active { border:0!important; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:active , .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118 .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua61889571ab1a25d114e01e860a90118:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nelson Mandela Essay This turns the tomato red but does nothing to develop a riper flavor. Ethylene, a colorless, odorless gas that once kicks in, so do all the problems of perishability (Wood 1995). Since tomatoes have a softening gene, it produces RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) to help manufacture a protein that causes rotting. To stop the tomatoes going soft too soon, the researchers devised a

Leadership Philosophy and Profile

Introduction There are several theories on leadership that seek to determine how leaders behave, and why they behave in such a manner. The situational theory of leadership and the Leader-Member Exchange theory of leadership are among the two main leadership philosophies that explain the situation in detail.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Philosophy and Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While situational theory of leadership explains how managers act differently in varying situations, the Leader-Member Exchange theory explains how managers develop different relations with their subordinates. This paper seeks to discuss the aspect of leadership philosophy together with the relevant profile elaborately and summarise the aspects of the theory. Equally, the paper will provide an example of a personal leadership development plan that integrates key reasoning and constructs of the theories as postulat ed. Situational Leadership Approach Situational theory draws its basis from the belief that behaviour theory is inadequate for the world mainly due to the complicated nature of work and society. Specific behaviours remain only suitable in certain situational contexts. Situational leadership theory, also referred to as contingency theory, defines leadership on the basis of what leaders can do under different circumstances. The main reason why this happens is due to the fact that different forces exist, both internal and external, which affect reactions of leaders. Thus, in this context, it is impossible to define what leadership is without giving due consideration to specific situational contexts. According to the situational theory, the actions of a leader are influenced by the prevailing circumstances. Equally, behaviours also have to be associated with specific environmental situations. The environmental situation which determine the manner in which a leader or a manager behaves m ay include the size of the organization, the level of worker maturity within the company, as a well as a combination of critical contingencies which, together, influence choice of action or behaviour.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, it is prudent to point out that situational factors remain finite and differ depending on several contingencies. A particular leader, for instance, will behave effectively in certain situations but not in others (Fairholm and Fairholm 11). Among the several situational theories that have been postulated include the Path-Goal theory whose main basis is the consideration of issues that motivate individuals. The motivation to behave in a particular way is related to the expectation of end results and the extent to which a person desires the end goal (Baker 10). The Leader-Member Exchange Theory The Leader-Member Exchange theory, abbr eviated as LMX theory, looks at leadership as an interaction process involving both the leader and the follower. The theory also revolves around the dyadic exchange kind of connection between the leader and the follower. Within work group relations, the relationships between the leader and members of the team are further divided into tiny working relationships due to the belief that relationships vary and develop between leaders on the one hand and individual workers in the team. The LMX theory’s assumption is that leaders and their followers form part of an exchange relationship in the sense that the followers follow the leaders for the purpose of expecting to receive something from their leaders while the leaders head the rest of the team as they also receive something from the followers. Thus, it is the exchange relationship and its resultant quality that forms the basis of analysis. Observation of leadership behaviour points out at the tendency by leaders to often behave differently towards different subordinates. The in-group refers to subordinate members of staff whose relations with the leaders are good or favoured. Leaders pay heightened attention to â€Å"in-group† members. In addition, â€Å"in-group† members have the priority of accessing more organizational resources. On the contrary, subordinates who are disfavoured by their leader form an out-group. Unlike their colleagues, they enjoy very little, if any, valued resources of the organization from their leaders. To differentiate â€Å"in-group† from â€Å"out-group† members, leaders identify common traits in regard to age and gender among other traits among the members.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Philosophy and Profile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A worker considered to be competent in the execution of his or her job may easily be granted in-group membership status (Winkle r 47). Summary of the directive and achievement style of leadership All managers falling within a command chain are supervisors. The directive manager instructs the subordinates lying directly beneath them what is expected of them, in terms of roles and tasks. The manager is also expected to provide a blueprint detailing how the job should be done, as well as monitor the performance and attainment of requisite standards to realize the goals. Often, directive leadership is best suitable in circumstances where organisations have integrated the human resource department within their structures (Barker 49). Directive leadership emphasizes more on strict HRM guidelines and policies, a factor that has also been noted to demotivate workers rather than inject the much needed motivation. The market circumstances are never stable and, therefore, it is not easy to determine a single leadership style that leaders can permanently rely on. As the internal organisational circumstances and external pressures affect the organisation, the business or organization is likewise forced to adapt to these conditions and circumstances. The best suitable leader for this organisation will also eventually change. For instance, an organization planning to undertake a restructuring programme that will entail re-branding the entire organization will require a different type of a leader or manager, separate from the kind of leader or manager that will be required to direct the organization in the course of stability. Achievement leadership is about attaining desirable goals and objectives often not attained by others. A leader who pursues leadership ought to set demanding goals both at the work place as well as within him or her in order to propel self-improvement. The leader must also translate the ideas of achievement to the entire team so that the combined effort of each worker may lead to development and progress. In pursuing to achieve desirable goals, the high standards which are expec ted need to be demonstrated by the leader so that the followers can know exactly what to do. Without the leader demonstrating the capabilities of the followers, it is difficult for the set objectives to be attained. Thus, faith from the leader must be extended to the followers to give them the necessary determination and support towards goal attainment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Achievement oriented leadership is best applied particularly in circumstances where the task being undertaken is considered to be complex. Leaders who show their followers what way to follow are considered to be effective leaders. There is always one right way of attaining goals and objectives which the leader always has insight on yet the followers are unable to see. This portrays the leader as knowledgeable while the follower looks up to the leader. Equally, the follower is often completely rational, where the rightful methods are deterministically selected basing on the situation at hand (Lussier 365). Personal Leadership Development Plan Personal Objectives To improve on last year’s productivity by half or 50 per cent such that this year’s performance may be one-and-a-half times more than last year’s performance. To develop a leadership style that is flexible and visible. To enhance team work impact through delegation of duties. Professional Learning Needs I need to increase particular skills and knowledge in management so as to enable me control performance effectively as required. I also need to improve on inner individual qualities, such as confidence, commitment to attainment of change, and improve self-belief. These improvements will support the desired developments and translate to results. Monitoring I intend to put in place indicators that reflect on my actual performance in terms of providing a feedback mechanism. The monitoring mechanism will indicate whether all the targets anticipated to be done differently were indeed achieved, and whether the leadership style being employed is competent in terms of giving desirable results. Feedback from the immediate manager will point out as to whether the performance is meeting the desired objectives or whether it is below the targeted results. Measures I will provide feedback concerning new processes that I intend to start, which will lead to the attainment of targeted outcomes as w ell as support the monitoring of benefits realised as a result of changes. Feedback on work progress and targeting will also be important. Information also needs to be provided for purposes of performing business reviews and evaluating the overall change process for purposes of supporting re-designing in case changes do not meet the desired objectives. Measures should also point out as to whether results are being delivered accordingly and in conformation to realistic ways. Concrete milestones must be used as perfect determinants of results achievement in order to effect the full implementation of the necessary changes in the organisation. In other words, the performance indicators will need to be accurate and sensitive. Resources A provision of inventory touching on all resources like money, time, people, and skills will need to be concrete and measurable. The inner organisational resources like culture and values also need to be well accounted for and ensure the resources are alig ned to the task (Yost and Plunkett 56). Conclusion Leadership has been analysed and summarised into theories that distinguish different styles and application. Among the theorised styles of leadership are the situational or contigency approach and the leader member exchange theory, abbreviated as LMX. In situational leadership approach, it is assumed that leaders act in different ways in accordance with the circumstances that afflict them. The LMX approach, on the other hand, assumes that leaders relate differently with their subordinates, either in a favourable or disfavourable manner. The directive leadership style offers that leaders have to always show the way to their followers in order for objectives to be easily realised. Achievement leadership style determines in advance the right goals to be attained before setting out to achieve or realise the same. A personal leadership development plan will include key areas such as personal objectives, professional needs, feedback mecha nism, and the resources required in order to align the skills with the expected targets. Works Cited Barker, Anne. Transformational Nursing Leadership: A Vision for the Future, New York, NY: National League for Nursing Press, 1992. Print. Fairholm, Matthew and Fairholm Gilbert. Understanding Leadership Perspectives: Theoretical and Practical Approaches, New York, NY: Springer, 2009. Print. Lussier, Rober. Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skill Development, New York, NY: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Winkler, Ingo. Contemporary Leadership Theories: Enhancing the Understanding of the Complexity, Subjectivity, and Dynamic of Leadership, London: Springer, 2010. Print. Yost, Paul and Plunkett Mannion. Real Time Leadership Development, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. This essay on Leadership Philosophy and Profile was written and submitted by user Adonis Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.